If Pesach (Passover) is on Nisan 14 at twilight and Chag HaMatzah (The Feast of Unleavened Bread) is from the 15-21 of Nisan, then what is the date of Yom HaBikkurim (Day of the First Fruits)?
The interesting thing about Yom HaBikkurim and Shavuot is that, in Leviticus 23, these two Appointed Times do not have a specific date assigned to them. For Yom Habikkurim we are simply told that on ‘the day after the Sabbath’ the priest is to wave this first fruit offering before HaShem (Lev 23:11); and then for Shavuot (Pentecost, lit. –
Weeks), we are told to count seven complete Sabbaths after Yom HaBikkurim, that is fifty days to ‘the day after the seventh Sabbath’ (Lev 23:15,16). It is clear in the text that these two unique, dateless festivals are inextricably connected. But what Sabbath is being referred to in Leviticus 23:11? When should we start counting the fifty days to Shavuot?
Let’s take a quick look at the context of verse 11…
4 ‘These are the appointed times of the LORD, holy convocations which you shall proclaim at the times appointed for them.
5 ‘In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at twilight is the LORD’S Passover.
6 ‘Then on the fifteenth day of the same month there is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
7 ‘On the first day you shall have a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.
8 ‘But for seven days you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD. On the seventh day is a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.’”
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The Dates for Pesach and Chag HaMatzah. |
In this passage, verses 4-5 explain the date and time for celebrating Pesach. Pesach is on the fourteenth day of Nisan at twilight. Twilight is understood to be in the evening, or near sunset, on the fourteenth leading into the fifteenth.
Verses 6-8 describe Chag HaMatzah, the seven-day festival that is given as a specific span of dates, Nisan 15-21, but not specific days of the week. In contrast, Shabbat is a weekly Moed (Appointed Time), therefore a specific day is assigned to it but not a specific date (Lev 23:1-3). Because Chag HaMatzah is an annual Moed it may start on the first day of the week in one year and on the third day of the week the following year. This is why specific days are not assigned to these dates. The day of the week that Chag HaMatzah begins and ends is not important, but the dates are.
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The corresponding dates for this year’s calendar. |
Let’s continue in the text:
9 Then the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
10 “Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, ‘When you enter the land which I am going to give to you and reap its harvest, then you shall bring in the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest.
11 ‘He shall wave the sheaf before the LORD for you to be accepted; on the day after the sabbath the priest shall wave it.
In this passage, HaShem is talking to Moses about Yom HaBikkurim and He tells him that it shall be observed on the day after ‘the Sabbath’. What Sabbath? Keep in mind that the word sabbath is used in a number of different ways in the Bible, especially in Leviticus 23. In verse 3, for example, the word sabbath is used to refer to ‘rest’ and the ‘weekly Sabbath’.
3'For six days work may be done, but on the seventh day there is a sabbath of complete rest, a holy convocation. You shall not do any work; it is a sabbath to the LORD in all your dwellings.
Putting verse 11 in context, we’ve already established that the focus of verses 6-8 is the seven-days of Chag HaMatzah. In verse 11 then, the Sabbath that is mentioned is a reference to one of these seven days. This is because one weekly Sabbath will occur during this seven-day period and the day following it, will be Yom HaBikkurim. Keep in mind that Chag HaMatzah can begin on any day of the week, therefore the weekly Sabbath will inevitably ‘move around’ within this seven-day period from year to year. But once the seven-dates for Chag Hamatzah are determined for the given year, then the weekly Sabbath can be identified. Once the weekly Sabbath is identified then we know that ‘the day after the Sabbath’ will be Yom HaBikkurim and the counting to Shavuot can begin.
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The Sabbath is identified in BLUE and Yom HaBikkurim in PINK. |
Continuing in Leviticus 23, verses 12-14 prescribe the various sacrifices made on Yom Habikkurim. This passage ends with the command that ‘this is to be a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwelling places’ and then in verse 15 the explanation of Sefirat HaOmer (Counting of the Omer) and Shavuot begins:
15 ‘You shall also count for yourselves from the day after the sabbath, from the day when you brought in the sheaf of the wave offering; there shall be seven complete sabbaths.
16 ‘You shall count fifty days to the day after the seventh sabbath; then you shall present a new grain offering to the LORD.
In verse 16 we are told the day that the festival of Shavuot is to be observed, but like Yom HaBikkurim, this day is vaguely described. It is simply referred to as ‘the day after the seventh sabbath’. Seventh Sabbath?
We have already established that the first ‘day after the sabbath’ is the day following the weekly Sabbath that falls within the seven days of Chag HaMatzah. This day would be the first day of the week known in Hebrew as Yom Rishon (First Day). We call it Sunday. But now regarding Shavuot it says there shall be ‘seven complete sabbaths’ and then the following day is Shavuot. Here we have another use of the word sabbath; this time it refers to a ‘week.’ Shavuot means weeks in Hebrew so this festival is literally called the Feast of Weeks, seven weeks to be exact. You can say it is a week of weeks. But what kind of weeks are these? The text says ‘complete’ weeks. In some cases a week can simply mean a seven-day period but in this passage it is clear that these are to be seven ‘complete’ weeks. In Hebrew the word for ‘complete’ is
tamim. It is the same word used to describe animals that are without blemish and it is also used to describe a person who is blameless or perfect. So, what would a perfect week look like?
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A week starting on Yom Chamishi (Thursday) and ending on Yom Revi’i (Wednesday). |
In Rabbinic tradition, Yom HaBikkurim is reckoned on the day after the first day of Chag HaMatzah. In other words, Yom HaBikkurim will always be on Nisan 16. The Rabbinic Sages consider the first and seventh days of Chag HaMatzah as ‘Sabbaths’ since no laborious work is to be performed. But in the Tanakh (Old Testament), Chag HaMatzah is never referred to as a ‘Sabbath.’ Now what about this description of a complete or perfect week? In the Rabbini tradition, if the first day of Chag HaMatzah is on Yom Revi’i (Wednesday) then Yom HaBikkurim will be on Yom Chamishi (Thursday). So each of the seven weeks that lead up to Shavuot will start on Yom Chamishi (Thursday) and end on Yom Revi’i (Wednesday). Is this a perfect week? In Genesis the week of creation, the archetype of all weeks, began with Yom Rishon (Sunday) and ended with Yom Shabbat (Saturday). The week of creation is a Biblical example of a perfect week.
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A week starting on Yom Rishon (Sunday) and ending on Yom Shabbat (Saturday). |
Notice that Chag HaMatzah is also a seven-day period but it is not referred to as a week. This is because this seven-day period may not always be a complete or perfect week.
Yom Habikkurim and Shavuot are not assigned specific dates in Leviticus 23 because the days that they fall on will be different year after year. Like the rest of the Moedim, Yom Habbikurim cannot be determined until the date for Pesach is identified. Shavuot can only be determined when the day for Yom Habikkurim is identified. Finally, if Sefirat HaOmer begins on Yom HaBikkurim, which is on Yom Rishon (Sunday), and we count seven complete weeks, then the following day, Shavuot, will also be on Yom Rishon (Sunday). For the two dateless festivals, the days on which they will be celebrated will always be the same, but the dates on which they are observed may change.
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Shavuot - fifty days to the day after the seventh sabbath; seven complete weeks. |